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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme activation, sulfur...

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry, similar...

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...

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Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)

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N-(2-Chloro-phen-yl)succinamic acid.

B Thimme Gowda, Sabine Foro, B S Saraswathi

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 18, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the molecular conformations and crystal packing of 3-[(2-chloro-phenyl)amino-carbonyl]propionic acid. The compound forms infinite chains in its crystal structure via hydrogen bonding.

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Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)

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A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

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Published on: May 27, 2014

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Organic Chemistry
Molecular Structure

Background:

Understanding molecular conformations is crucial in predicting chemical properties and reactivity.
The amide and ester functional groups are common in biologically active molecules and materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the specific molecular conformations of 3-[(2-chloro-phenyl)amino-carbonyl]propionic acid.
To investigate the intermolecular interactions and crystal packing of the title compound.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional structure.
Analysis of bond and dihedral angles to describe molecular conformations.
Identification of hydrogen bonding networks in the crystal lattice.

Main Results:

The N-H and C=O bonds of the amide segment are in a trans conformation.
The amide hydrogen is syn to the ortho-chloro group on the benzene ring.
Intermolecular N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds facilitate the formation of infinite chains in the crystal structure.

Conclusions:

The determined crystal structure provides insights into the solid-state behavior of this chlorinated propionic acid derivative.
The hydrogen bonding network plays a significant role in the self-assembly of the molecules.
Conformational analysis reveals specific spatial arrangements of functional groups that may influence intermolecular interactions.