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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction00:59

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction

The benzylic position describes the position of a carbon atom attached directly to a benzene ring. Benzene by itself does not undergo oxidation. In contrast, the benzylic carbon is quite reactive in the presence of strong oxidizing agents such as KMnO4 or H2CrO4. Therefore, alkylbenzenes are readily oxidized to benzoic acid, irrespective of the type of alkyl groups.
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation01:11

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation

Benzylic halogenation takes place under conditions that favor radical reactions such as heat, light, or a free radical initiator like peroxide.
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents01:11

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
For disubstituted benzene derivatives, with two groups attached to the benzene ring, three constitutional isomers are possible. For example, consider dimethyl benzene, often called xylene, where the second methyl group can be substituted at the second, third, or fourth carbon. The relative position of the substituents is represented by prefixes ortho, meta, or...
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
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Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

4-Benz-yloxy-3-methoxy-benzonitrile.

Muhammad Hanif, Muhammad Rafiq, Muhammad Saleem

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a C(15)H(13)NO(2) molecule, revealing a near-perpendicular orientation between its aromatic rings. Molecules are linked into chains by weak intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the solid state.

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    Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)
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    Published on: June 20, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Molecular Structure

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular interactions is crucial in materials science.
    • Crystal engineering relies on identifying intermolecular forces.
    • Aromatic compounds exhibit diverse structural motifs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound C(15)H(13)NO(2).
    • To analyze the spatial arrangement of aromatic rings within the molecule.
    • To identify and characterize intermolecular interactions in the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles provided structural insights.
    • Intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonds, were identified using geometric criteria.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure of C(15)H(13)NO(2) was successfully determined.
    • A significant dihedral angle of 81.65(3)° was observed between the two aromatic rings.
    • Weak intermolecular C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds were found to connect molecules into chains along the b axis.

    Conclusions:

    • The determined crystal structure provides a detailed understanding of the solid-state behavior of C(15)H(13)NO(2).
    • The observed dihedral angle suggests a specific conformational preference in the solid state.
    • The identified hydrogen bonding network highlights a key factor in the molecular assembly and crystal packing.