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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation01:11

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation

Benzylic halogenation takes place under conditions that favor radical reactions such as heat, light, or a free radical initiator like peroxide.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores
09:46

Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores

Published on: August 19, 2013

4-Amino-3-bromo-benzoic acid.

Muhammad Nadeem Arshad, M Nawaz Tahir, Islam Ullah Khan

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a bromine-containing organic compound. It reveals how molecules self-assemble into dimers and extended polymer networks via hydrogen bonding, forming specific ring structures.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Supramolecular Chemistry
    • Organic Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular self-assembly is crucial for designing new materials.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in the formation of ordered structures.
    • The specific compound C(7)H(6)BrNO(2) has not been previously characterized in detail.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of C(7)H(6)BrNO(2).
    • To investigate the intermolecular interactions governing its solid-state organization.
    • To identify the types of hydrogen bond motifs formed.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, angles, and intermolecular contacts was performed.

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    Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
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    Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores
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    Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)
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  • Topological analysis of hydrogen bond networks was conducted.

    • Main Results:

    • The asymmetric unit contains two crystallographically distinct molecules with minor variations.
    • The compound forms dimers via O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between carboxylate groups.
    • These dimers aggregate into polymeric chains through additional intermolecular hydrogen bonds, creating R(2)(1)(6), R(3)(2)(8), and R(3)(3)(15) ring motifs.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of C(7)H(6)BrNO(2) is characterized by dimer formation and extended polymeric networks.
    • Hydrogen bonding is the primary driving force for the observed supramolecular architecture.
    • The identified ring motifs provide insights into the self-assembly behavior of this compound.