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Related Concept Videos

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...
Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process01:27

Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process

The synthesis of phenol from benzene via cumene and cumene hydroperoxide is called the Hock process. First, a Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of benzene with propene gives cumene. Then cumene forms cumene hydroperoxide via a radical chain reaction. In the chain initiation step, the benzylic hydrogen is abstracted to give a benzylic radical. In the chain propagation step, the benzylic radical reacts with an oxygen diradical to form a cumene hydroperoxide radical. The cumene hydroperoxide...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction00:59

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction

The benzylic position describes the position of a carbon atom attached directly to a benzene ring. Benzene by itself does not undergo oxidation. In contrast, the benzylic carbon is quite reactive in the presence of strong oxidizing agents such as KMnO4 or H2CrO4. Therefore, alkylbenzenes are readily oxidized to benzoic acid, irrespective of the type of alkyl groups.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
07:06

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

Published on: November 15, 2017

N'-(Diphenyl-methyl-ene)-2-hydroxy-benzo-hydrazide.

Yanfei Li, Chunhua Chen, Rongdong Yang

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study identifies intra-molecular and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds in a novel compound. These bonds create infinite molecular chains, influencing the compound's crystal structure and properties.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Supramolecular Chemistry
    • Organic Chemistry

    Background:

    • Hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in molecular assembly and material properties.
    • Understanding intermolecular interactions is key to designing novel crystalline materials.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To characterize the hydrogen bonding network and molecular conformation of the title compound C(20)H(16)N(2)O(2).
    • To elucidate the crystal packing and structural features dictated by intermolecular forces.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bond distances and angles, along with dihedral angles between aromatic rings.

    Main Results:

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    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
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    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

    Published on: April 27, 2017

    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
    06:46

    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

    Published on: June 21, 2017

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    Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

    Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
    07:06

    Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

    Published on: November 15, 2017

    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
    09:45

    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

    Published on: April 27, 2017

    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
    06:46

    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

    Published on: June 21, 2017

    • The compound exhibits both intra-molecular N-H⋯O and inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
    • Inter-molecular hydrogen bonds result in the formation of infinite chains along the c-axis.
    • Significant dihedral angles (16.9°, 80.8°, 64.6°) were measured between the aromatic rings, indicating a non-planar conformation.

    Conclusions:

    • The hydrogen bonding network significantly influences the crystal structure, leading to chain formation.
    • The conformational flexibility, evidenced by dihedral angles, is a key structural characteristic.
    • This structural insight provides a foundation for understanding the compound's potential applications.