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Related Concept Videos

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are agents that interact with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the synaptic cleft, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Consequently, the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft increases. These agonists can be classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors based on their duration of action.
Reversible inhibitors display short to medium durations of action. Short-acting agents include simple alcohols with...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:22

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic agonists or cholinomimetics mimic the action of acetylcholine to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. They are categorized into direct-acting and indirect-acting agents. The direct-acting cholinergic drugs induce the parasympathetic response by directly binding to the muscarinic or nicotine receptors. In comparison, the indirect-acting cholinergic drugs prevent acetylcholine hydrolysis, indirectly contributing to the extended parasympathetic response.
The direct-acting...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic antagonists bind to cholinergic receptors and limit the effects of acetylcholine and other cholinergic agonists. Based on the specific cholinergic receptor affinity, these antagonists are classified as muscarinic or nicotinic. Anticholinergics interrupt parasympathetic innervations while sympathetic innervations remain uninterrupted. Muscarinic antagonists are also called 'muscarinic antagonists', 'antimuscarinics', or 'parasympatholytics'. Nicotinic antagonists are called...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics01:24

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the conjunctiva.
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:31

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Mechanism of Action01:17

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Mechanism of Action

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers induce paralysis by competitively blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the muscle end plate. Examples include pancuronium, mivacurium, vecuronium, and rocuronium. These quaternary ammonium derivatives are administered intravenously, are poorly absorbed, and are excreted via the kidneys.
Competitive antagonists prevent acetylcholine from binding to its receptor, inhibiting membrane depolarization. Without conformational changes or intrinsic...

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Multi-photon Intracellular Sodium Imaging Combined with UV-mediated Focal Uncaging of Glutamate in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons
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2-Acetyl-pyridinium bromanilate.

Lynne H Thomas, Bryan Boyle, Lesley A Clive

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a molecular salt, revealing centrosymmetric rings formed by cations and anions. These rings are stabilized by hydrogen bonds and short bromine-oxygen contacts, contributing to crystal packing.

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    Area of Science:

    • Crystal chemistry
    • Molecular crystallography
    • Supramolecular chemistry

    Background:

    • Molecular salts are crucial in materials science.
    • Understanding crystal packing influences material properties.
    • Hydrogen bonding and halogen bonding play key roles in stabilizing crystal structures.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the 2-acetyl-pyridinium 2,5-dibromo-4-hydr-oxy-3,6-dioxocyclo-hexa-1,4-dienolate molecular salt.
    • To investigate the intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonding and short contacts, within the crystal lattice.
    • To understand the factors contributing to the consolidation of crystal packing.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to determine the three-dimensional structure of the molecular salt.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bonding networks (O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O) was performed.
    • Short intermolecular O⋯Br contacts were identified and quantified.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure exhibits centrosymmetric rings composed of two cations (2-acetyl-pyridinium) and two anions (2,5-dibromo-4-hydr-oxy-3,6-dioxocyclo-hexa-1,4-dienolate).
    • Alternating O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the cations and anions within these rings.
    • Short O⋯Br contacts (3.243(2) and 3.359(2) Å) were observed, suggesting a role in stabilizing the crystal packing.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure is characterized by the formation of centrosymmetric rings stabilized by a combination of hydrogen bonds and short O⋯Br contacts.
    • These interactions are critical for the overall consolidation and stability of the crystal lattice.
    • The findings contribute to the understanding of crystal engineering principles for molecular salts.