Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Pan-cancer evaluation of ABAT as an emerging biomarker and its implication in lung adenocarcinoma.

Translational cancer research·2025
Same author

Association between home dwelling situations, neighborhood social interactions, and subjective cognitive decline plus among older adults: A cross-sectional study.

Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD·2025
Same author

Integrated bioinformatics and experimental analysis of CHAF1B as a novel biomarker and immunotherapy target in LUAD.

Discover oncology·2025
Same author

An open data for imaging acute aerobic exercise effects on brain and mind in emerging adulthood.

Scientific data·2024
Same author

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of arylcarboxylic acid 2-pyridyl esters with terminal alkynes.

Organic & biomolecular chemistry·2024
Same author

Rh(III)-Catalyzed C-H Allylation of Aromatic Ketoximes with Vinylaziridines.

The Journal of organic chemistry·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry
16:11

Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 8, 2022

Aqua-(2,2'-bipyridine)bis-(4-hydroxy-benzoato)zinc(II).

Bing-Yu Zhang1, Jing-Jing Nie, Duan-Jun Xu

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study details a novel zinc complex with a distorted octahedral geometry. The crystal structure reveals extensive hydrogen bonding but no π-π stacking between bipyridine rings.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
04:51

Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Published on: June 23, 2023

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
19:58

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry
16:11

Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 8, 2022

Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
04:51

Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Published on: June 23, 2023

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
19:58

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Crystal Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Metal-organic complexes play vital roles in catalysis and materials science.
  • Understanding coordination geometry and intermolecular interactions is crucial for designing functional materials.
  • Zinc(II) complexes offer versatile coordination possibilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel zinc(II) coordination complex.
  • To investigate the coordination environment and crystal structure of the complex.
  • To analyze intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
  • The coordination geometry around the central Zn(II) ion was analyzed.
  • Intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking, were examined.

Main Results:

  • A novel zinc(II) complex, [Zn(4-hydroxy-benzoate)2(2,2'-bipyridine)(H2O)], was successfully synthesized.
  • The Zn(II) ion exhibits a distorted octahedral geometry, coordinated by two 4-hydroxy-benzoate anions, one 2,2'-bipyridine molecule, and one water molecule.
  • The crystal structure shows a long Zn-O bond and an extensive O-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding network, but no significant π-π stacking between bipyridine rings.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized zinc complex possesses a unique distorted octahedral coordination geometry.
  • Hydrogen bonding significantly influences the crystal packing, while π-π interactions are minimal.
  • This structural insight contributes to the understanding of metal-organic framework design and properties.