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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:13

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom, respectively.
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Halogens03:01

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.
Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction01:28

Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction

A method involving the transformation of methyl ketones to carboxylic acids using excess base and halogen is called the haloform reaction. It begins with the deprotonation of α hydrogen to form an enolate ion which reacts with the electrophilic halogen to give an α-halo ketone. The step continues until all the α protons are substituted to form a trihalomethyl ketone. The resulting molecule is unstable, and in the presence of a hydroxide base, it readily undergoes nucleophilic acyl substitution.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
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Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

Published on: July 17, 2020

3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-furan-2(5H)-one.

Na Zhang, Zhen-Yi Wu, Su-Yuan Xie

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    The crystal structure of C(4)H(3)ClO(3) reveals molecules forming an infinite chain through O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. This specific hydrogen bonding arrangement creates a C(6) graph-set motif along the c axis.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Chemical Physics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular interactions is crucial for predicting material properties.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in the self-assembly of molecules.
    • Crystal structure analysis provides fundamental insights into intermolecular forces.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(4)H(3)ClO(3).
    • To identify and characterize the hydrogen bonding network within the crystal lattice.
    • To determine the supramolecular architecture formed by the molecules.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of intermolecular distances and angles identified the hydrogen bonding interactions.

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    Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

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  • Graph-set theory was used to classify the hydrogen bonding motif.

    • Main Results:

    • The title compound, C(4)H(3)ClO(3), crystallizes in a specific space group.
    • Molecules are linked by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming an infinite one-dimensional chain.
    • The observed hydrogen bonding arrangement corresponds to the C(6) graph-set motif along the c crystallographic axis.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of C(4)H(3)ClO(3) is characterized by a robust hydrogen bonding network.
    • The formation of infinite chains with a C(6) motif dictates the supramolecular assembly.
    • This structural information is vital for understanding the compound's physical and chemical properties.