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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Insulin therapy.

Monika Lechleitner1, Friedrich Hoppichler

  • 1Landeskrankenhaus Hochzirl, Anna Dengel-Haus, Zirl, Austria. monika.lechleitner@tilak.at

Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insulin therapy is crucial for type 1 diabetes and used in type 2 diabetes when other treatments fail. Various insulin types and regimens allow personalized treatment plans for optimal diabetes management.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Insulin therapy is essential for managing type 1 diabetes mellitus.
  • In type 2 diabetes, insulin is indicated for glycemic control failure, metabolic deterioration, comorbidities, surgery, pregnancy, or contraindications to oral agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of insulin preparations and therapeutic regimens.
  • To highlight the individualized nature of insulin therapy in diabetes management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of insulin preparations based on action profiles (onset, peak, duration).
  • Description of available insulin types: human insulin and insulin analogues (short-acting, long-acting, premixed).
  • Outline of insulin regimens for type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Main Results:

  • Insulin preparations vary in pharmacokinetic profiles, influencing treatment selection.
  • Type 1 diabetes management emphasizes patient-controlled basal-bolus regimens.
  • Multiple insulin regimens exist for type 2 diabetes, including basal support, mealtime injections, and basal-bolus approaches.

Conclusions:

  • The diverse range of insulin products and regimens enables tailored therapy for individual patient needs.
  • Effective insulin therapy requires careful selection of preparation and regimen based on patient-specific factors.