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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
05:15

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

Spatial representations elicit dual-coding effects in mental imagery.

Michelle Verges1, Sean Duffy

  • 1Indiana University, South Bend Rutgers University.

Cognitive Science
|May 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Language comprehension activates spatial mental imagery, influencing perception. Upward words slow top responses, downward words slow bottom responses, supporting perceptual-symbol systems theory.

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

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Published on: November 14, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The canonical spatial locations of real-world objects are linguistically encoded.
  • Limited research has explored if language-based spatial associations extend to mental imagery and visual processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the generalization of spatial word associations to mental imagery.
  • To determine if spatial representations of motion words elicit perceptual-interference effects similar to object words.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1: Directly tested spatial aspects of mental imagery in word and picture processing.
  • Experiment 2: Assessed perceptual-interference effects for spatial motion words versus object words.

Main Results:

  • Words with upward spatial meaning caused slower responses to targets at the top of a display.
  • Words with downward spatial meaning caused slower responses to targets at the bottom of a display.
  • Perceptual-interference effects were not observed for pictures or non-spatial words.

Conclusions:

  • Language comprehension of spatial words activates corresponding mental imagery.
  • Findings support the perceptual-symbols system theory, suggesting language processing involves modality-specific systems.