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Related Concept Videos

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines
10:42

Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Published on: January 3, 2018

4,5-Bis(4-meth-oxy-phen-oxy)phthalonitrile.

Lijuan Yu1, Xiaole Zhou, Yinghui Yin

  • 1College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

A novel organic compound, C(22)H(16)N(2)O(4), was unexpectedly synthesized during phthalocyanine research. Structural analysis revealed specific dihedral angles between its central benzene ring and methoxy-phenoxy groups.

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Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)
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Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Published on: June 20, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Phthalocyanine synthesis is a complex process.
  • Unintended byproducts can offer new chemical insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize an unexpected organic compound.
  • To determine the structural geometry of C(22)H(16)N(2)O(4).

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed.
  • The crystal structure of the title compound was analyzed.

Main Results:

  • The compound C(22)H(16)N(2)O(4) was unintentionally synthesized.
  • Dihedral angles between the central benzene ring and methoxy-phenoxy groups were determined to be 85.39° and 64.19°.

Conclusions:

  • The unexpected formation of C(22)H(16)N(2)O(4) provides a new molecular entity.
  • The determined dihedral angles offer insights into the compound's three-dimensional structure.