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Related Concept Videos

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene01:17

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene

The electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides such as HBr to alkenes and nonconjugated dienes gives a single product as per Markovnikov’s rule.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

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Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

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Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
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1-(1-Phenyl-ethyl-idene)carbonohydrazide.

Yan Qiao1, Xiuping Ju, Zhiqing Gao

  • 1Dongchang College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 250059, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a C(9)H(12)N(4)O compound. Molecules self-assemble via hydrogen bonds into ribbons, forming a specific crystal lattice structure.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Molecular structure analysis

Background:

  • Understanding the solid-state behavior of organic compounds is crucial.
  • Crystal structure determination provides fundamental insights into molecular interactions.
  • The specific compound C(9)H(12)N(4)O was selected for structural investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(9)H(12)N(4)O.
  • To identify and characterize the intermolecular interactions governing crystal packing.
  • To analyze the crystallographic data, including twinning.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed for structure determination.
  • The crystal structure was solved and refined using standard crystallographic software.
  • Analysis of hydrogen bonding networks and crystal symmetry was performed.

Main Results:

  • The compound C(9)H(12)N(4)O crystallizes with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit.
  • Intermolecular N-H⋯O and N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds were identified.
  • These hydrogen bonds organize molecules into paired ribbons propagating along the [100] direction.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure reveals a specific hydrogen-bonding motif leading to ribbon formation.
  • The presence of a twin crystal (25% minor component) was noted and accounted for.
  • This structural information contributes to the understanding of molecular assembly in the solid state.