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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO₂

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO₂ Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO₂ Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

The simplest aromatic amine is phenylamine, which contains an –NH2 functionality directly attached to an aromatic ring. The name aniline is designated for this skeleton. As shown in Figure 1, the common names of the functionalized anilines involve prefixes ortho-, meta-, and para- to indicate the substitution position. Different functionalized aniline derivatives also have notable trivial names.

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Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

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N-(3-Nitro-phen-yl)maleamic acid.

B Thimme Gowda, Miroslav Tokarčík, K Shakuntala

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 19, 2011

Summary

This study details the molecular structure of C(10)H(8)N(2)O(5), revealing stabilization through intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Crystal analysis shows molecules forming chains and sheets via extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions.

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Area of Science:

Crystallography
Molecular Chemistry
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Understanding molecular structure and intermolecular interactions is crucial in chemistry.
Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in stabilizing crystal structures.
Maleamic acid derivatives are important in various chemical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the detailed molecular and crystal structure of the compound C(10)H(8)N(2)O(5).
To investigate the types and significance of intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
To analyze the packing arrangement and stabilization mechanisms within the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed.
Detailed analysis of bond distances, angles, and hydrogen bond geometries.
Visualization and interpretation of the three-dimensional crystal packing.

Main Results:

The molecule C(10)H(8)N(2)O(5) exhibits a slightly non-planar geometry.
Two intramolecular hydrogen bonds (O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O) stabilize the molecule.
Intermolecular N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O interactions lead to the formation of molecular chains and sheets in the crystal.

Conclusions:

The crystal structure is stabilized by a combination of intramolecular and extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
The observed packing arrangement, featuring chains and sheets, is a direct consequence of these hydrogen bonding networks.
This detailed structural analysis provides fundamental insights into the solid-state behavior of this maleamic acid derivative.