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Related Concept Videos

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine...
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.

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Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines
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Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

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N-(2-Chloro-eth-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide.

Camilo H da Silva Lima, Marcus V N de Souza, Solange M S V Wardell

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 19, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the molecular structure of C(7)H(8)ClN(3)O, revealing a near-planar conformation stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Crystal analysis shows these bonds form chains, with additional interactions dictating molecular packing.

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    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

    Published on: June 21, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Molecular Structure Analysis

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions is crucial in crystal engineering.
    • The specific compound C(7)H(8)ClN(3)O presents an interesting case for studying hydrogen bonding and packing motifs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the precise three-dimensional structure of the title molecule, C(7)H(8)ClN(3)O.
    • To investigate the role of intramolecular and intermolecular interactions in stabilizing the molecular conformation and crystal packing.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of torsion angles and non-covalent interactions (hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces) was performed.

    Main Results:

    • The pyrazine and amide groups exhibit near-planarity, stabilized by an intramolecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bond.
    • The chloro-ethyl group is oriented out-of-plane.
    • Intermolecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds create a C(6) supramolecular chain along the b-axis.
    • Carbonyl oxygen atoms participate in C-H⋯O interactions, and Cl⋯Cl contacts contribute to crystal consolidation.

    Conclusions:

    • The molecular structure is characterized by a specific conformation driven by intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
    • Supramolecular chains are formed through intermolecular hydrogen bonds, influencing the overall crystal packing.
    • Multiple weak interactions, including C-H⋯O and Cl⋯Cl contacts, play a significant role in stabilizing the crystal lattice.