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Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

Newman Projections

Newman Projections

Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
The organic molecules rotate across the single bonds leading to numerous temporary three-dimensional structures of varying energy known as conformers.

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X₂ to 1,3-Butadiene

Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via a cyclic halonium ion to form a 1,2-dihalide or a vicinal dihalide.

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

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Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

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N,N'-Bis(2-chloro-phen-yl)propane-diamide.

B Thimme Gowda, Miroslav Tokarčík, Vinola Z Rodrigues

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 19, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals the crystal structure of a novel compound, detailing its intricate network of intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. These interactions stabilize the three-dimensional structure, crucial for understanding molecular assembly.

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Preparation of Contiguous Bisaziridines for Regioselective Ring-Opening Reactions

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Published on: July 28, 2022

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Molecular Chemistry

Background:

Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules is fundamental to chemistry.
Hydrogen bonding plays a critical role in molecular structure and material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of the compound C(15)H(12)Cl(2)N(2)O(2).
To identify and analyze the types of hydrogen bonds and other interactions present.
To describe the resulting three-dimensional network.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
Analysis of hydrogen bonding (intramolecular and intermolecular) and C-H⋯π interactions was performed.

Main Results:

The crystal structure features three intramolecular hydrogen bonds: two C-H⋯O and one N-H⋯Cl.
Intermolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π interactions contribute to a stable 3D network.
The two benzene rings exhibit an interplanar angle of 58.0(1)°.

Conclusions:

The compound C(15)H(12)Cl(2)N(2)O(2) forms a robust three-dimensional crystal network.
The identified hydrogen bonding patterns are key determinants of the compound's solid-state structure.