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Tumor Progression

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...

Tumor Progression

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...

The Tumor Microenvironment

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

The Tumor Microenvironment

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia

Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia

Published on: July 25, 2017

Dukes' A tumor.

Y Adachi¹, M Inomata, S Kitano

¹KYUSHU UNIV,MED INST BIOREGULAT,BEPPU,OITA,JAPAN. KYUSHU UNIV,DEPT SURG 2,FUKUOKA 812,JAPAN.

Oncology Reports

|May 19, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Dukes

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Area of Science:

Gastroenterology and Oncology
Surgical Oncology

Background:

Dukes' classification is a reliable prognostic tool for colorectal cancer.
The current Japanese definition of early gastric cancer has limitations, including node-positive cases.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate Dukes' A tumor as a potential new criterion for defining early gastric cancer.
To assess the prognostic value of Dukes' classification in gastric adenocarcinoma.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 217 patients with primary gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent radical gastrectomy and lymph node dissection.
Patients were categorized into three groups based on tumor invasion depth and lymph node status.
Long-term survival rates were examined for each group.

Main Results:

Patients with Dukes' A tumors (node-negative, confined to muscularis propria or shallower) showed excellent 10-year survival rates (96.6%).
Node-positive patients (Group 3) had significantly lower 10-year survival rates (85.1%) compared to node-negative groups (p<0.05).
Gastric cancer limited to mucosa or submucosa with lymph node metastasis indicated a poor prognosis.

Conclusions:

Dukes' A tumor, defined as node-negative disease not beyond the muscularis propria, is a suitable criterion for early gastric cancer.
Lymph node metastasis is a critical factor determining poor prognosis in early gastric cancer.
Adopting Dukes' A classification for early gastric cancer can improve prognostic accuracy.