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Related Concept Videos

Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy
10:08

Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: October 24, 2017

Interconversion of planar networks and vesicles triggered by temperature.

Eunji Lee1, Jung-Keun Kim, Myongsoo Lee

  • 1Center for Supramolecular Nanoassembly and Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|May 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Dumbbell-shaped molecules self-assemble into hexagonal networks in water. Upon heating, these networks transform into hollow capsules, offering potential for smart materials.

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Spontaneous Formation and Rearrangement of Artificial Lipid Nanotube Networks as a Bottom-Up Model for Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy
10:08

Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: October 24, 2017

Spontaneous Formation and Rearrangement of Artificial Lipid Nanotube Networks as a Bottom-Up Model for Endoplasmic Reticulum
07:49

Spontaneous Formation and Rearrangement of Artificial Lipid Nanotube Networks as a Bottom-Up Model for Endoplasmic Reticulum

Published on: January 22, 2019

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
06:26

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Published on: May 15, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Amphiphiles with anisotropic shapes can self-assemble into complex structures.
  • Temperature-responsive behavior in self-assembled systems is crucial for smart materials.
  • Understanding the driving forces behind self-assembly is key to designing functional materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the self-assembly behavior of dumbbell-shaped amphiphiles.
  • To explore the temperature-induced structural transitions of these amphiphiles.
  • To elucidate the fundamental interactions governing the observed self-assembly and transitions.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of dumbbell-shaped amphiphiles with specific rod and dendritic segments.
  • Characterization of self-assembled structures using techniques like Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
  • Thermal analysis to study temperature-dependent structural changes, including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).

Main Results:

  • Dumbbell amphiphiles self-assemble into 2D planar networks with hexagonal pore ordering in aqueous solution.
  • Aqueous solutions exhibit Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) behavior, leading to structural transitions upon heating.
  • The 2D networks transform into hollow capsules, with closed sheets as intermediate structures, driven by hydrophobic and repulsive block interactions.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates a novel temperature-triggered transformation of self-assembled amphiphilic networks into hollow capsules.
  • The observed phenomenon is governed by the balance between hydrophobic interactions of rod segments/alkyl chains and repulsive forces between dissimilar blocks.
  • This dynamic structural versatility offers a promising strategy for developing stimuli-responsive supramolecular materials and biomimetic systems.