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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...
Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
Pulse Assessment Sites01:11

Pulse Assessment Sites

Pulse assessment sites are crucial in evaluating a patient's cardiovascular health. By assessing the pulsations of arteries at specific anatomical locations, healthcare professionals can gather valuable information about blood flow, heart rate, and peripheral circulation. Understanding these pulse assessment sites is essential for conducting comprehensive cardiovascular evaluations and monitoring patients' overall health. These sites are strategically chosen due to the accessibility and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
08:43

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination

Published on: July 7, 2016

[Spastic equinus foot].

B Westhoff1, K Weimann-Stahlschmidt, R Krauspe

  • 1Klinik für Orthopädie und Orthopädische Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland. westhoff@med.uni-duesseldorf.de

Der Orthopade
|May 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pes equinus, a common cerebral palsy deformity, can progress from dynamic to structural. Treatment varies, with botulinum toxin A for dynamic cases and surgery for structural pes equinus.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
08:43

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination

Published on: July 7, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Neurology
  • Pediatric Rehabilitation

Background:

  • Pes equinus is the most prevalent deformity in cerebral palsy.
  • Dynamic pes equinus can evolve into structural pes equinus due to disproportionate calf muscle and bone growth.
  • Accurate differentiation between dynamic, structural, and compensatory pes equinus is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate the progression of pes equinus in cerebral palsy.
  • To compare conservative and operative treatment strategies.
  • To highlight the efficacy and risks associated with different interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentations and progression of pes equinus.
  • Analysis of treatment outcomes for dynamic and structural pes equinus.
  • Evaluation of surgical techniques, including gastrocnemius/soleus lengthening and Achilles tendon lengthening.

Main Results:

  • Botulinum toxin A is the primary treatment for dynamic pes equinus.
  • Slight structural pes equinus may respond to botulinum toxin A with or without casting.
  • Significant structural pes equinus typically necessitates surgical intervention, such as muscle lengthening.
  • Achilles tendon lengthening should be approached cautiously due to potential calf muscle power loss.
  • Bilateral spastic cerebral palsy carries an elevated risk of complications like talipes calcaneovalgus and crouch gait post-intervention.

Conclusions:

  • Pes equinus management in cerebral palsy requires careful diagnosis to distinguish between dynamic and structural types.
  • Treatment selection depends on the type and severity of pes equinus, with a tiered approach from conservative to surgical.
  • Potential complications, particularly in bilateral cases, must be considered to optimize functional outcomes.