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Related Concept Videos

Sound Intensity Level00:53

Sound Intensity Level

Humans perceive sound by hearing. The human ear helps sound waves reach the brain, which then interprets the waves and creates the perception of hearing. The loudness of the environment in which a person is located determines whether they can distinguish between different sound sources.
The human ear can perceive an extensive range of sound intensity, necessitating the use of the logarithmic scale to define a physical quantity—the intensity level. It is a ratio of two intensities and hence a...
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...
Sensation01:21

Sensation

Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific types of external stimuli, initiating the process known as sensation. This occurs when sensory input, such as light entering the eye, is detected by these receptors, causing chemical changes in the cells of the retina. These cells then convert the sensory stimulus into action potentials that are transmitted to the central nervous system, a process termed transduction.
Absolute thresholds can quantify the sensitivity of sensory...
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same frequency...
Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses
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Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses

Published on: January 23, 2017

Pure-tone auditory threshold in school children.

Reinhard Müller1, Gerald Fleischer, Joachim Schneider

  • 1Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits- und Sozialmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, Aulweg 129, 35392 Giessen, Germany. reinhard.mueller@audio.med.uni-giessen.de

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
|May 24, 2011
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Summary

Children

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Audiology
  • Auditory Health
  • Child Development

Background:

  • Hearing thresholds in school-aged children are crucial for academic success and social interaction.
  • Limited data exists on auditory performance across a wide frequency range in this demographic.
  • Age-related changes in hearing sensitivity and ear canal characteristics require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess pure-tone auditory thresholds in primary school children across a broad frequency spectrum (125 Hz to 16 kHz).
  • To investigate age-related differences in hearing sensitivity and ear canal volume (ECV).
  • To evaluate changes in auditory performance over a 3-year period through a longitudinal follow-up.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study involving 197 children (6-12 years) and a 3-year longitudinal follow-up of 35 children.
  • Pure-tone audiometry conducted at 17 frequencies.
  • Tympanometry used to measure ear canal volume (ECV).

Main Results:

  • School children exhibited poorer hearing sensitivity at low frequencies (<1 kHz) and better sensitivity at extended high frequencies (>8 kHz).
  • Hearing thresholds significantly improved with age, with average improvements of 3.7-5.1 dB across frequencies in longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses.
  • Younger children (6-8 years) showed significantly lower ECV compared to older children (9-12 years), and girls had smaller ECV than boys.

Conclusions:

  • Auditory performance in school children demonstrates improvement with increasing age.
  • Age-related changes in hearing sensitivity and ear canal dimensions are significant in this population.
  • Findings provide normative data for pediatric hearing assessment and highlight the importance of age and sex in auditory development.