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Related Concept Videos

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:24

Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

Epoxides that are three-membered ring systems are more reactive than other cyclic and acyclic ethers. The high reactivity of epoxides originates from the strain present in the ring. This ring strain acts as a driving force for epoxides to undergo ring-opening reactions either with halogen acids or weak nucleophiles in the presence of mild acid. The acid catalyst converts the epoxide oxygen, a poor leaving group, into an oxonium ion, a better leaving group, making the reaction feasible. The...
Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:26

Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

Due to their highly strained structures, epoxides can readily undergo ring-opening reactions through nucleophilic substitution, either in the presence of an acid or a base. The nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of acid are called acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions, and nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of a base are called base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions. Epoxides undergo base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions in the presence of a strong nucleophile...
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
05:48

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Published on: November 21, 2017

Redox control of a ring-opening polymerization catalyst.

Erin M Broderick1, Neng Guo, Carola S Vogel

  • 1Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|May 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Redox control of yttrium and indium alkoxide complexes modulates polymerization rates. This metal-dependent activity offers new strategies for polymer synthesis, particularly for L-lactide and trimethylene carbonate.

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Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
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Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
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Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

Published on: December 16, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Polymer Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is crucial for synthesizing biodegradable polymers.
  • Controlling catalyst activity through external stimuli like redox changes is an active area of research.
  • Ferrocene-based ligands offer unique redox properties for metal complexes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the redox control of yttrium and indium alkoxide complexes in ROP.
  • To explore the influence of metal identity on polymerization behavior.
  • To synthesize and characterize polymers derived from L-lactide and trimethylene carbonate.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of yttrium alkoxide complex with a ferrocene ligand.
  • Redox manipulation of the yttrium complex using chemical reagents.
  • X-ray crystallography, NMR, XANES, and Mössbauer spectroscopy for characterization.
  • Ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide and trimethylene carbonate.
  • Gel permeation chromatography for polymer analysis.

Main Results:

  • The yttrium complex's polymerization rate was modulated by redox state changes.
  • Oxidized and reduced forms of the yttrium complex exhibited different catalytic activities.
  • The indium alkoxide complex displayed inverse behavior compared to yttrium.
  • A clear metal-based dependency on polymerization rate was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Redox-switchable yttrium and indium alkoxide complexes can control polymerization rates.
  • The observed metal-dependent behavior highlights the importance of the metal center in catalytic activity.
  • This study provides insights into designing redox-responsive catalysts for controlled polymer synthesis.