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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Design Example: Vintage Mixing Console01:17

Design Example: Vintage Mixing Console

A sound engineer at a music company recently encountered a problem. The output from their newly acquired studio's vintage mixing console was too low for the requirements of modern recording equipment. To rectify this situation, the engineer decided to design an audio pre-amplifier using an operational amplifier (op-amp) to boost the signal level.
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Characteristics of OpAmp01:17

Characteristics of OpAmp

The operational amplifier, commonly known as an op-amp, is a specially designed electronic circuit component. Its purpose is to work in conjunction with other circuit elements to execute a defined signal-processing operation. Consider an equivalent circuit model of an op-amp, as depicted in Figure 1; the output section comprises a voltage-controlled source in parallel with the output resistance Ro.
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents
11:29

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents

Published on: September 4, 2015

AMPylation: Something Old is New Again.

Andrew R Woolery1, Phi Luong, Christopher A Broberg

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|May 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

AMPylation, a protein modification, adds adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to regulate cellular activity. Research is re-energizing to identify new AMPylators and their substrates in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems.

Keywords:
AMPylationFicGTPaseType III secretion systemadenylyl transferaseadenylylationeffector

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Real-Time cAMP Dynamics in Live Cells Using the Fluorescent cAMP Difference Detector In Situ

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Regulation

Background:

  • Post-translational modification AMPylation involves adding adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to proteins, altering their activity.
  • AMPylators, similar to kinases, hydrolyze ATP to transfer AMP to protein substrates.
  • While discovered decades ago, research on AMPylation has been revitalized by studies on bacterial effectors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the regulatory role of AMPylation in biological systems.
  • To identify and characterize novel AMPylators, particularly those with Fic domains.
  • To investigate the prevalence and impact of AMPylation across different life forms.

Main Methods:

  • Amino acid sequence analysis to identify potential AMPylators.
  • In vitro studies to characterize AMPylator activity and substrate interactions.
  • Comparative genomics to assess the conservation of AMPylation-related domains like Fic.

Main Results:

  • Four AMPylators have been characterized, with numerous candidates identified.
  • Bacterial effectors containing Fic domains were found to transfer AMP to protein substrates.
  • The Fic domain's conservation in eukaryotes suggests AMPylation is widespread.

Conclusions:

  • AMPylation is a significant regulatory mechanism with broad biological relevance.
  • Further characterization of Fic domain-containing AMPylators and their substrates is ongoing.
  • AMPylation likely plays a crucial role in diverse regulatory processes across prokaryotes and eukaryotes.