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Related Concept Videos

2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques01:16

2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques

Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY) is a powerful technique used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the correlations between nuclei of the same type within a molecule. It provides information about scalar couplings between adjacent nuclei, which helps determine connectivity and structural information. There are several COSY variants, each with its unique strengths and experimental parameters.
COSY90 is the standard two-dimensional (2D) COSY experiment that...
¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons00:58

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons

Replacing each alpha-hydrogen in chloroethane by bromine (or a different functional group) yields a pair of enantiomers. Such protons are called prochiral or enantiotopic and are related by a mirror plane. Enantiotopic protons are chemically equivalent in an achiral environment. Because most proton NMR spectra are recorded using achiral solvents, enantiotopic hydrogens yield a single signal.
In chiral compounds such as 2-butanol, replacing the methylene hydrogens at C3 produces a pair of...
Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview01:12

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse.
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Homotopic and Heterotopic Protons01:03

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Homotopic and Heterotopic Protons

Protons in identical electronic environments within a molecule are chemically equivalent and have the same chemical shift. The replacement test is a useful tool to identify chemical equivalence and predict NMR spectra. A substituent replaces each of the protons being examined and the resulting molecules are compared. If the same molecule is obtained, the protons are equivalent or homotopic. Replacement of any hydrogens in ethane by chlorine yields chloroethane because all six protons are...

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Linear Response Equilibrium versus echo-planar encoding for fast high-spatial resolution 3D chemical shift imaging.

Rudolf Fritz Fischer1, Christof Baltes, Kilian Weiss

  • 1Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. fischer@biomed.ee.ethz.ch

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|May 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Linear Response Equilibrium (LRE) and Echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) show potential for carotid plaque analysis. LRE offers lower power deposition, making it suitable for in vivo metabolic imaging, despite lower sensitivity than EPSI.

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Spectroscopic Imaging
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Assessing carotid plaque composition is crucial for cardiovascular disease risk stratification.
  • High-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) offers advanced capabilities for in vivo tissue characterization.
  • Existing spectroscopic imaging techniques face challenges in sensitivity, speed, and power deposition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare Linear Response Equilibrium (LRE) and Echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) for assessing cholesterol esters in human carotid plaques.
  • To evaluate LRE and EPSI in terms of sensitivity per unit time and power deposition.
  • To present an enhanced dual repetition time scheme for improved water suppression in LRE.

Main Methods:

  • Simulations and phantom experiments were conducted on a clinical 3T MR system.
  • High spatial resolution (1.95×1.15×1.15 mm(3)) was utilized for plaque imaging.
  • Linear Response Equilibrium (LRE) and Echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) techniques were implemented and compared.

Main Results:

  • Both LRE and EPSI demonstrated feasibility for assessing cholesterol esters in carotid plaques.
  • LRE exhibited comparable, yet lower, sensitivity per unit time than EPSI.
  • LRE showed significantly reduced power deposition compared to EPSI.

Conclusions:

  • LRE offers a valuable alternative for in vivo high-field spectroscopic imaging of metabolites with limited bandwidth due to its lower power deposition.
  • The lower sampling efficiency of LRE on clinical systems contributes to its reduced sensitivity per unit time compared to EPSI.
  • Further development of LRE may enhance its utility in specific clinical applications requiring metabolic information with reduced energy deposition.