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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Synthesis of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activities and Cytotoxic Properties
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Multi-walled carbon nanotubes decrease lactate dehydrogenase activity in enzymatic reaction.

Fuping Zhang1, Na Wang, Jin Kong

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, and MOE Key Laboratory for Life Science,Nanjing University, China.

Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
|May 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) reduce lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, affecting toxicity assessments. This study quantifies MWCNT toxicity and highlights potential underestimation in standard assays.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Nanotoxicology
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity is a common biomarker for cell death and toxicity.
  • Enzymatic reactions involving NADH/NAD+ are widely used for toxicological assessments.
  • Nanomaterials, like MWCNTs, can interfere with biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity.
  • To develop a sensitive method for assaying the adverse effects of MWCNTs using enzymatic kinetics.
  • To determine the toxic concentration (TC50) of MWCNTs and compare their toxicity with other nanoparticles.

Main Methods:

  • Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) to detect NAD+ signal.
  • Monitoring the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by LDH (NADH + pyruvic acid to NAD+ + lactate).
  • Kinetic analysis of the enzymatic reaction to assess MWCNT influence and calculate TC50.

Main Results:

  • LDH activity decreased with increasing MWCNT dosage and pre-contact time.
  • The toxic concentration of MWCNTs altering relative LDH activity by 50% (TC50) was determined to be 40 mg/L.
  • A toxicity order was established: Al(III) > MWCNTs > nano-Al(13) > 50nm-Al2O3 ≥ 1000nm-Al2O3.
  • Negatively charged nanoparticle surfaces were proposed as the cause for reduced LDH activity.

Conclusions:

  • MWCNTs significantly inhibit LDH activity, potentially leading to underestimation of nanoparticle toxicity in standard assays.
  • The findings emphasize the need to account for medium-dependent toxicity and potential assay interferences.
  • This research provides a basis for resolving contradictory findings on MWCNT toxicity in existing literature.