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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation
07:17

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

Published on: April 14, 2016

HIV and bone metabolism.

Ighovwerha Ofotokun1, M Neale Weitzmann

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA.

Discovery Medicine
|May 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone loss in HIV infection is linked to immune system dysfunction. Antiretroviral therapies may also impact bone health, highlighting the critical immuno-skeletal interface.

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Orthopedics
  • Virology

Background:

  • Bone integrity relies on lifelong renewal by osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
  • Aging and disease disrupt this balance, leading to bone loss, osteopenia, and osteoporosis.
  • The immune system significantly influences skeletal renewal via the immuno-skeletal interface.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review skeletal complications in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
  • To examine the impact of antiretroviral therapies (ART) on bone health.
  • To explore how immuno-skeletal interface disruption contributes to bone loss in HIV.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of skeletal complications in HIV infection.
  • Analysis of the effects of ART on bone metabolism.
  • Examination of the role of the immuno-skeletal interface in HIV-associated bone loss.

Main Results:

  • Bone loss and fracture risk are elevated in HIV infection.
  • ART can influence skeletal health, with varying effects.
  • Immuno-skeletal interface dysregulation is implicated in HIV-related bone deterioration.

Conclusions:

  • Skeletal complications are a significant concern in HIV infection.
  • Understanding the immuno-skeletal interface is crucial for managing bone health in HIV patients on ART.
  • Further research is needed to mitigate bone loss in this population.