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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
Gestalt Principles of Perception01:21

Gestalt Principles of Perception

Gestalt principles provide a framework for understanding how humans perceive objects as unified wholes within their context. These principles are essential in explaining the cognitive processes that make sense of complex visual stimuli by organizing them into coherent groups. One fundamental principle is proximity, which posits that objects located close to each other are perceived as a collective group. For instance, when dots are positioned near one another, the visual system interprets them...
Factors Affecting Perception01:25

Factors Affecting Perception

Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
An illustrative example of a perceptual set is the scenario where an airline pilot told...
Perception01:28

Perception

Perception is a fundamental psychological process that enables individuals to organize, interpret, and consciously experience sensory information. This process is crucial for understanding and interacting with the world around us. It includes both bottom-up and top-down processing, each playing a distinct role in how we perceive our environment.
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
Schemas01:42

Schemas

A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.

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Related Experiment Video

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Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
07:36

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

Published on: November 30, 2018

Situated language understanding as filtering perceived affordances.

Peter Gorniak1, Deb Roy

  • 1MIT Media Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Cognitive Science
|June 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a computational theory of situated language understanding, where meaning is context-dependent. An implemented system successfully interprets situated verbal commands in a virtual environment, demonstrating the theory's effectiveness.

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Area of Science:

  • Computational Linguistics
  • Cognitive Science
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • Traditional language understanding models often neglect environmental and social context.
  • Meaning is frequently treated as solely internal or external to the language user.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a computational theory of situated language understanding.
  • To model how physical environment and communication partner goals influence meaning.
  • To provide a unified account for various linguistic phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a theory grounding linguistic concepts in perceived affordances.
  • Implemented a system using probabilistic hierarchical plan recognition.
  • Evaluated the system on spontaneous verbal commands in a virtual gaming environment.

Main Results:

  • The implemented system correctly interprets situated verbal commands.
  • The system demonstrates an ability to "step into the shoes" of human players.
  • Quantitative analysis shows generalization to unseen data and constructions.

Conclusions:

  • The theory successfully accounts for the situated nature of human language use.
  • Perceived affordances offer a unified solution to challenges like conceptual combination and prototypicality.
  • The system validates the computational approach to situated language understanding.