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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...

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Polymer Microarrays for High Throughput Discovery of Biomaterials
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Published on: January 25, 2012

Generating Sensor Diversity through Combinatorial Polymer Synthesis.

T A Dickinson1, D R Walt, J White

  • 1The Max Tishler Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155.

Analytical Chemistry
|June 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a simple method to create unique polymer sensors for sensor arrays. This approach generates diverse sensor responses, even when monomer ratios vary, enabling novel detection capabilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Developing novel sensors for chemical detection is crucial.
  • Existing polymer-based sensors often lack diverse response profiles.
  • Rapid and simple sensor generation methods are needed for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a rapid and simple method for generating uniquely responding polymer sensors.
  • To explore the relationship between monomer combinations and sensor response diversity.
  • To demonstrate the utility of this approach in polymer-based sensor arrays.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated polymerization reactions between different combinations of two starting materials.
  • Created discrete polymer sensing cones with specific monomer combinations.
  • Fabricated gradient sensors containing a continuous range of monomer concentrations.
  • Utilized two different binary monomer systems for gradient sensor fabrication.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated numerous new, unique polymer sensors.
  • Observed sensor responses that were not directly proportional to starting material ratios.
  • Demonstrated broadly diverse fluorescence responses to organic vapor pulses in gradient sensors.
  • Confirmed the effectiveness of both discrete and gradient sensor fabrication methods.

Conclusions:

  • The developed approach offers a simple and rapid route to novel polymer sensors.
  • This method yields sensors with unique and diverse response characteristics.
  • The gradient sensor fabrication is particularly effective for achieving a wide range of detection capabilities in polymer-based sensor arrays.