Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Couple01:29

Couple

A couple is a pair of parallel forces equal in magnitude but in opposite directions. The forces are separated by a perpendicular distance, known as the couple's arm. The couple causes a rotation force or moment that rotates the body about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the forces. The resulting moment is referred to as the couple moment. The SI unit of a couple moment is the Newton-meter (N-m).
A typical example to understand this concept is tightening a bolt with a lug wrench. A force...
Work of a Couple Moment01:12

Work of a Couple Moment

Mechanical engineering involves the study of motion, energy, and force, and is concerned with designing, manufacturing, and maintaining mechanical systems. One important concept in this field is the couple moment, produced by two equal and opposite forces acting at two points in a rigid body separated by a certain distance.
When the rigid body undergoes a differential displacement due to a couple, its motion can be divided into two parts: equal translation of the two points to their final...
The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
Degrees of Freedom01:02

Degrees of Freedom

The degree of freedom for a particular statistical calculation is the number of values that are free to vary. Thus, the minimum number of independent numbers can specify a particular statistic. The degrees of freedom differ greatly depending on known and uncalculated statistical components.
For example, suppose there are three unknown numbers whose mean is 10; although we can freely assign values to the first and second numbers, the value of the last number can not be arbitrarily assigned.
Degrees of Freedom01:02

Degrees of Freedom

The degree of freedom for a particular statistical calculation is the number of values that are free to vary. As a result, the minimum number of independent numbers can specify a particular statistic. The degrees of freedom differ greatly depending on known and uncalculated statistical components.
For example, suppose there are three unknown numbers whose mean is 10; although we can freely assign values to the first and second numbers, the value of the last number can not be arbitrarily...
Hardy-Weinberg Principle01:49

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.In the early 20th century,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

P cycle cannot be a general mechanism for energy production, and it does not sensitize bacteria toward aminoglycosides.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2019
Same author

RND transporters in the living world.

Research in microbiology·2018
Same author

Covalently Linked Trimers of RND (Resistance-Nodulation-Division) Efflux Transporters to Study Their Mechanism of Action: Escherichia coli AcrB Multidrug Exporter as an Example.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2017
Same author

Determining Ligand Path Through a Major Drug Transporter, AcrB, in Escherichia coli.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2017
Same author

Effect of site-directed mutations in multidrug efflux pump AcrB examined by quantitative efflux assays.

Biochemical and biophysical research communications·2016
Same author

Klebsiella pneumoniae Major Porins OmpK35 and OmpK36 Allow More Efficient Diffusion of β-Lactams than Their Escherichia coli Homologs OmpF and OmpC.

Journal of bacteriology·2016

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Expansion and Enrichment of Gamma-Delta (γδ) T Cells from Apheresed Human Product
11:51

Expansion and Enrichment of Gamma-Delta (γδ) T Cells from Apheresed Human Product

Published on: September 22, 2021

To the happy few.

Hiroshi Nikaido1

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. nhiroshi@berkeley.edu

Annual Review of Microbiology
|June 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microbiologist studies revealed defects in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and bacterial outer membrane function. Further research uncovered RND family multidrug efflux pumps, crucial for antibiotic resistance.

More Related Videos

Iris Fixation via External Pentagram Suturing
05:22

Iris Fixation via External Pentagram Suturing

Published on: May 5, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Expansion and Enrichment of Gamma-Delta (γδ) T Cells from Apheresed Human Product
11:51

Expansion and Enrichment of Gamma-Delta (γδ) T Cells from Apheresed Human Product

Published on: September 22, 2021

Iris Fixation via External Pentagram Suturing
05:22

Iris Fixation via External Pentagram Suturing

Published on: May 5, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bacterial Physiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Research initiated in post-WWII Japan focused on galactose metabolism in Salmonella, characterizing mutants with defective UDP-galactose 4-epimerase.
  • Studies on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis were pursued in the United States, investigating the impact of enzymatic defects on LPS structure.

Discussion:

  • Investigation into bacterial outer membrane function led to the discovery and characterization of porins.
  • Studies extended to the mycobacterial cell wall, exploring its unique structural components.

Key Insights:

  • The outer membrane permeability barrier and periplasmic β-lactamase activity were insufficient to explain β-lactam antibiotic resistance in certain bacterial strains.
  • The search for resistance mechanisms identified the significant role of RND family multidrug efflux pumps.

Outlook:

  • Ongoing fascination with RND family multidrug efflux pumps suggests continued research into their mechanisms and implications for antibiotic resistance.
  • Further exploration of bacterial cell envelope components and their contribution to drug resistance is warranted.