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In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
Published on: October 6, 2023
Thyroid hormone receptors and reproduction
Ralf Dittrich1, Matthias W Beckmann, Patricia G Oppelt
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universitätsstrasse 21-23, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany. ralf.dittrich@uk-erlangen.de
Journal of Reproductive Immunology
|June 7, 2011
Summary
Thyroid disorders significantly impact fertility in both men and women by altering reproductive hormones and directly affecting reproductive cells. Restoring thyroid balance (euthyroidism) often improves or normalizes fertility issues.
Area of Science:
- Reproductive Endocrinology
- Endocrinology
- Gynecology
Background:
- Thyroid disorders, including hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, are prevalent conditions.
- These disorders significantly affect reproductive function in both males and females.
- Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in maintaining normal reproductive processes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the impact of thyroid dysfunction on male and female fertility.
- To explore the mechanisms by which thyroid hormones influence reproductive health.
- To highlight the association between thyroid disorders and pregnancy outcomes.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of studies investigating thyroid disorders and reproduction.
- Analysis of hormonal changes (SHBG, prolactin, gonadotropins, sex steroids) in thyroid dysfunction.
- Examination of direct effects on gametes and pregnancy outcomes.
Main Results:
- Thyroid disorders alter sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), prolactin, and sex steroid levels.
- In males, hyperthyroidism reduces sperm motility; hypothyroidism increases abnormal sperm morphology.
- In females, thyroid dysfunction causes menstrual irregularities and impacts fertility, with potential effects on oocytes and pregnancy outcomes.
Conclusions:
- Adequate thyroid hormone levels are essential for normal reproductive function.
- Thyroid disorders adversely affect fertility through hormonal and potentially direct cellular mechanisms.
- Restoration of euthyroidism can lead to the normalization of reproductive abnormalities.
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