Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 1, 2026

13:35
Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
Published on: May 17, 2024
Developmental breast asymmetry.
WoanYi Chan1, Bhagwat Mathur, Diana Slade-Sharman
1St Andrew's Centre for Plastic Surgery & Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, Essex, UK. drchanwy@gmail.com
The Breast Journal
|June 8, 2011
Summary
Developmental breast asymmetry (DBA) significantly impacts young women
Area of Science:
- Plastic Surgery
- Aesthetic Surgery
- Reconstructive Surgery
Background:
- Developmental breast asymmetry (DBA) is a common condition affecting young women.
- DBA can negatively impact psychosocial well-being.
- Tuberous breasts present unique reconstructive challenges for DBA.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review surgical treatment modalities for DBA.
- To evaluate aesthetic outcomes and patient satisfaction.
- To emphasize a conceptual approach to DBA assessment and treatment.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective review of 52 DBA cases (2002-2006).
- Analysis of preoperative assessment, surgical techniques, and outcomes.
- Surgical modalities included augmentation mammaplasty, tissue expansion, parenchymal scoring, and mastopexy.
Main Results:
- Mean age of presentation was 21 years.
- 69% of patients had tuberous breasts, often presenting before age 25.
- Good aesthetic outcome (75%) and symmetry (58%) were reported by professional evaluation.
Conclusions:
- Surgical correction of DBA can improve psychosocial well-being.
- Achieving symmetry is challenging, especially in tuberous breasts.
- Tailored surgical treatment based on individual breast deformities is crucial.
Related Concept Videos
The Mammary Glands
The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
Each breast features a pigmented projection known as the nipple, through which milk emerges via closely spaced openings of ducts, referred to as lactiferous ducts. Surrounding the nipple is a circular pigmented area of skin named the areola, which appears rough due to...
Each breast features a pigmented projection known as the nipple, through which milk emerges via closely spaced openings of ducts, referred to as lactiferous ducts. Surrounding the nipple is a circular pigmented area of skin named the areola, which appears rough due to...
Tumor Progression
Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age
The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Skin Cancer
Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Pedigree Analysis
Overview
Signs of Puberty
Puberty is a critical phase, typically beginning between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls and 9 and 14 in boys, though timing can vary based on genetics, environmental factors, and overall health. This period is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the attainment of reproductive potential. Endocrine changes underpin puberty, with hormonal surges of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) instigated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)...
