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Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Normal to a Streamline01:16

Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Normal to a Streamline

Bernoulli's equation for flow normal to a streamline explains how pressure varies across curved streamlines due to the outward centrifugal forces induced by the fluid's curvature. The pressure is higher on the inner side of the curve, near the center of curvature, and decreases outward to balance these centrifugal forces.
The pressure difference depends on the fluid's velocity and radius of curvature. The pressure variation is minimal in flows with nearly straight streamlines. However, the...
Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics01:15

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Dimensionless groups in fluid mechanics provide simplified ratios that help analyze fluid behavior without relying on specific units. The Reynolds number (Re), which represents the ratio of inertial to viscous forces, distinguishes between laminar and turbulent flows, making it essential in the design of pipelines and aerodynamic surfaces. The Froude number (Fr), the ratio of inertial to gravitational forces, is particularly useful in predicting wave formation and hydraulic jumps in...
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Newton's second law is applied to obtain the linear momentum in a control volume in a fluid system. According to this law, the rate of change of linear momentum is equal to the sum of external forces acting on the system. When a control volume matches the fluid system at a specific moment, the forces acting on both are identical. Reynolds transport theorem helps explain this by breaking down the system's linear momentum into two components: the rate of change of linear momentum within the...
Application of the Linear Momentum Equation01:15

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The application of the linear momentum equation can be used to analyze the forces needed to hold a 180-degree pipe bend in place with flowing water. In this case, water flows through the bend with a constant cross-sectional area of 0.01 square meters and a flow velocity of 15 meters per second. The pressure at the entrance is 0.2 Megapascals and the pressure at the exit is 0.16 Megapascals.
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Irrotational Flow

Irrotational flow is characterized by fluid motion where particles do not rotate around their axes, resulting in zero vorticity. For a flow to be irrotational, the curl of the velocity field must be zero. This imposes specific conditions on velocity gradients. For instance, to maintain zero rotation about the z-axis, the gradient condition:
Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream01:27

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Consider a control volume, such as a pipe with solid boundaries, through which fluid flows and changes direction due to the impulse exerted by the resulting force from the pipe walls. In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering the control volume at a given time, t, with velocity v1, is equal to the mass leaving after infinitesimal time dt, with velocity v2.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
11:03

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Renormalization group flow equations with full momentum dependence.

Jean-Paul Blaizot1

  • 1Institut de Physique Théorique, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. jean-paul.blaizot@cea.fr

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|June 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an exact renormalization group method to determine n-point functions. Applications include critical O(N) models, Bose-Einstein condensation, and finite-temperature field theory.

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Area of Science:

  • Theoretical physics
  • Quantum field theory
  • Statistical mechanics

Background:

  • The exact renormalization group (RG) provides a powerful framework for studying quantum field theories and critical phenomena.
  • Understanding the behavior of n-point functions is crucial for characterizing the properties of physical systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a specific truncation of the renormalization group flow equations.
  • To enable the calculation of the full momentum dependence of n-point functions.
  • To demonstrate the applicability of the method to various physical systems.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction to the exact renormalization group for effective actions.
  • Discussion of a particular truncation scheme for the hierarchy of flow equations.
  • Application of the truncated flow equations to specific models.

Main Results:

  • The proposed truncation allows for the determination of the complete momentum dependence of n-point functions.
  • Successful application to critical O(N) models, revealing their behavior near critical points.
  • Analysis of Bose-Einstein condensation, providing insights into the formation and properties of condensates.
  • Investigation of finite-temperature field theory, extending the applicability to non-zero temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • The discussed truncation of the exact renormalization group is a viable method for calculating n-point functions.
  • This approach offers a unified framework for studying diverse physical phenomena across different areas of physics.