Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Influenza and herpes zoster vaccine effectiveness in autoimmune or immune-mediated diseases.

Journal of infection and public health·2026
Same author

Motherhood choice in multiple sclerosis (MoMS) - Pilot trial of web-based decision support.

PloS one·2026
Same author

Socioeconomic impact of depression and pain in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.

Neurological research and practice·2026
Same author

Family Planning in Neuroinflammatory Disease.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same author

Expert Opinion on Age-Related Sex Hormone Changes and Hypogonadism in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Delphi Consensus Program.

Neurology. Clinical practice·2026
Same author

Safety of breastfeeding under monoclonal antibodies in the offspring of mothers with multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum
10:19

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Published on: November 23, 2013

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and natalizumab.

Kerstin Hellwig1, Ralf Gold

  • 1Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany.

Journal of Neurology
|June 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Natalizumab (TYSABRI) is an MS treatment linked to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). This review examines PML risk and management in natalizumab-treated patients, highlighting the need for better risk markers.

More Related Videos

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo
10:50

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Published on: March 26, 2019

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
05:55

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: December 1, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum
10:19

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Published on: November 23, 2013

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo
10:50

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Published on: March 26, 2019

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
05:55

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: December 1, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Natalizumab (TYSABRI) is an alpha4-integrin antagonist used for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).
  • Since its 2006 market introduction, 111 cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported in natalizumab-treated MS patients.
  • PML is a serious opportunistic infection of the brain that can occur in patients treated with natalizumab.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current data on risk stratification for PML in patients undergoing long-term natalizumab therapy.
  • To summarize the management strategies for PML in the context of natalizumab treatment.
  • To identify the need for developing surrogate markers for better individual PML risk assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of available data on natalizumab therapy and PML.
  • Analysis of reported PML cases in natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients.
  • Synthesis of current approaches to PML risk stratification and management.

Main Results:

  • Long-term natalizumab therapy is associated with a risk of developing PML.
  • PML in natalizumab-treated patients does not always result in a fatal outcome.
  • Current risk stratification methods for PML require improvement.

Conclusions:

  • Effective risk stratification and management strategies are crucial for patients on long-term natalizumab.
  • The development of reliable surrogate markers is essential for predicting individual PML risk.
  • Further research is needed to optimize the use of natalizumab while minimizing PML risk.