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Related Concept Videos

Halogens03:01

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens01:24

ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens

Halogens are ortho–para directors. They are more electronegative than carbon. Therefore, as ring substituents, they can withdraw electrons through the inductive effect and deactivate the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution. Halogens also have an electron-donating resonance effect on the ring, which influences the orientation of the incoming electrophile. If an electrophile attacks at the ortho or the para position, the halogen donates electrons and stabilizes the intermediate...
Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Moderately reactive molecules forming stable ionic compounds with superhalogens.

Celina Sikorska1, Piotr Skurski

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland.

Inorganic Chemistry
|June 9, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Moderately reactive molecules form stable compounds with superhalogens like AlF(4) and AlCl(4). Stability depends on the ionization potential of the molecule and the electron binding energy of the superhalogen system.

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Area of Science:

  • Theoretical Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Superhalogens are highly electronegative species with potential applications in materials science.
  • Understanding the reactivity of superhalogens with various molecules is crucial for designing new stable compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the theoretical basis for the formation of stable complexes between superhalogens (AlF(4), AlCl(4)) and moderately reactive molecules.
  • To identify the key factors governing the stability of these newly formed ionic compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Ab initio calculations were employed to study the interactions.
  • High-level computational methods, including CCSD(T) and MP2, were used with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set.
  • Structural parameters and interaction energies were calculated for various molecular complexes.

Main Results:

  • Molecules with high ionization potentials (e.g., SiO(2), NH(3), CHCl(3), CCl(2)F(2)) form stable ionic compounds with AlF(4) and AlCl(4).
  • Superhalogens AlF(4) and AlCl(4) do not react with molecules having ionization potentials exceeding 13 eV (e.g., CO(2), CH(4)).

Conclusions:

  • The stability of superhalogen-molecule compounds is determined by the interplay between the superhalogen's electron binding energy and the molecule's ionization potential.
  • Theoretical calculations provide a reliable framework for predicting the formation of stable ionic compounds involving superhalogens.