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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
The receptor level is the first stage of sensation. It involves the detection of a stimulus by specialized sensory receptors. The stimulus must arrive within the receptor's receptive field. Next, the receptor converts the energy of the stimulus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings
07:08

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Published on: August 1, 2018

Neuronal responses to texture-defined form in macaque visual area V2.

Yasmine El-Shamayleh1, J Anthony Movshon

  • 1Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|June 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Neuroscientists studied visual texture perception in macaque brains. Most neurons in area V2 responded to luminance, not texture orientation, suggesting later brain areas process texture-defined forms.

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings
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Published on: May 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception
  • Primate Brain

Background:

  • Visual texture perception is crucial for object recognition.
  • The neural basis of texture perception, especially texture-defined form, remains unclear.
  • Previous studies have not extensively explored single-neuron responses in primate extrastriate cortex for texture perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neurophysiological basis of texture-defined form perception in the macaque extrastriate cortex, specifically area V2.
  • To differentiate neuronal responses to luminance-defined versus texture-defined form.
  • To explore potential interactions between luminance and texture signals in V2 neurons.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded single-unit activity in extrastriate cortical area V2 of macaques (Macaca nemestrina, Macaca fascicularis).
  • Utilized a novel set of texture patterns to assess neuronal selectivity for orientation.
  • Distinguished responses to luminance-defined form (component gratings) and texture-defined form (overall pattern orientation).

Main Results:

  • The majority of V2 neurons were selective for the orientation of luminance-defined form (component gratings), not texture-defined form (pattern orientation).
  • Some V2 cells showed luminance responses modulated by texture envelope direction/orientation, indicating luminance-texture signal interaction.
  • Limited evidence for cue-invariant representation of form orientation was found in V2.

Conclusions:

  • Primate area V2 primarily processes luminance-defined form, with limited selectivity for texture-defined form orientation.
  • Interactions between luminance and texture signals in V2 may contribute to the foundation of texture perception.
  • Neural signals for texture-defined form appear more prominent in cortical areas downstream of V2, consistent with human imaging data.