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Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.
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The bond between aggregate particles and the cement matrix is significantly influenced by the shape and surface texture of the aggregates. High-strength concretes benefit from a rougher texture, which leads to stronger bonding due to greater adhesion. Angular aggregates with larger surface areas also enhance this bond. The bonding quality, however, is complex to assess as no universally accepted test exists. Good bonding is indicated when a crushed concrete specimen shows some aggregate...
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EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
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Related Experiment Video

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In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint
07:09

In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint

Published on: March 7, 2014

Upper bonded retainers.

Eva Schneider1, Sabine Ruf

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, University of Giessen, Germany. sabine.ruf@dentist.med.uni-giessen.de

The Angle Orthodontist
|June 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Upper bonded retainer failures are common, affecting over half of patients. Operator experience and pre-existing defects in multibracket appliances significantly influence failure rates, highlighting areas for improved retention strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics
  • Dental Materials Science

Background:

  • Post-orthodontic treatment retention is crucial for maintaining tooth alignment.
  • Bonded retainers are commonly used for upper arch stability.
  • Retainer failure can lead to relapse of malocclusion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence and types of upper bonded retainer failures.
  • To identify factors predisposing to these failures.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 466 patient records with upper bonded retainers.
  • Evaluation of failure frequency, type, timing, operator experience, and pre-existing multibracket appliance defects.

Main Results:

  • A high failure rate of 58.2% was observed among patients.
  • Failure odds were higher for 3-3 retainers compared to 1-1 retainers.
  • Lower failure rates (detachment, total loss) were associated with experienced operators.
  • Total retainer loss increased with prior multibracket appliance defects and fewer bonding sites.

Conclusions:

  • Upper bonded retainer failure is a frequent occurrence, impacting patient outcomes.
  • Operator inexperience is linked to increased retainer failure rates.
  • Minimizing multibracket appliance defects and optimizing bonding sites can reduce total retainer loss.