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Related Concept Videos

Nucleic Acids02:43

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes, the...
Nucleic acids02:43

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
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The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes, the...
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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DNA has a double-helix structure. The...
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

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DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
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DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

Published on: December 29, 2021

Bifunctional transfer-messenger RNA.

Kenneth C Keiler1, Nitya S Ramadoss

  • 1Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 401 Althouse Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USA. kkeiler@psu.edu

Biochimie
|June 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) is a crucial bacterial molecule with both tRNA and mRNA functions. It rescues stalled ribosomes and targets proteins for degradation, vital for bacterial survival and gene regulation.

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Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution
10:27

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

Published on: July 8, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Bacterial Physiology

Background:

  • Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) is a unique bifunctional molecule in bacteria.
  • It possesses characteristics of both transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA).
  • tmRNA plays a key role in translational quality control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the fundamental importance of tmRNA-mediated trans-translation in bacterial fitness.
  • To understand the role of tmRNA in regulating gene expression and protein synthesis.
  • To investigate the consequences of tmRNA deficiency on bacterial phenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • The study focuses on the molecular mechanisms of tmRNA function.
  • It involves analyzing the trans-translation process, which involves ribosome rescue and protein targeting.
  • Comparative analysis of wild-type and tmRNA-deficient bacterial mutants is implied.

Main Results:

  • tmRNA releases stalled ribosomes, preventing translation errors.
  • It targets nascent polypeptides for degradation, ensuring protein homeostasis.
  • Bacteria lacking tmRNA exhibit significant defects in viability, virulence, and stress response.

Conclusions:

  • Trans-translation, mediated by tmRNA, is essential for bacterial survival and adaptation.
  • tmRNA is a fundamental component of bacterial translational quality control.
  • Disruption of tmRNA function severely impairs bacterial fitness and resilience.