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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists01:30

Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists

Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function. They...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

Methylphenidate normalizes frontocingulate underactivation during error processing in attention-deficit/hyperactivity

Katya Rubia1, Rozmin Halari, Abdul-Majeed Mohammad

  • 1Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom. katya.rubia@kcl.ac.uk.

Biological Psychiatry
|June 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Methylphenidate (MPH) normalized brain activity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during error monitoring tasks. This suggests MPH may improve attention and academic performance by correcting brain dysfunction.

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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Child Psychology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with performance monitoring deficits.
  • Methylphenidate (MPH), a catecholamine agonist, often improves ADHD symptoms.
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can investigate brain activity related to error processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the effects of a single dose of MPH on brain activation in medication-naive boys with ADHD during a stop task.
  • To compare brain activation in ADHD patients with and without MPH to that of healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design was used.
  • Twelve medication-naive boys with ADHD underwent fMRI scans twice, receiving either MPH or placebo.
  • An individually adjusted stop task was employed to elicit a 50% error rate.

Main Results:

  • Boys with ADHD showed reduced activation in prefrontal, thalamic, cingulate, and parietal regions during failed inhibition compared to controls.
  • MPH upregulated activation in these areas in ADHD patients, normalizing differences with controls.
  • MPH also normalized reduced activation in parietotemporal and cerebellar regions during successful inhibition.

Conclusions:

  • MPH normalized brain dysfunction in key performance monitoring areas in medication-naive ADHD boys.
  • This normalization of brain activity may explain the improvement in attention and academic performance observed with MPH treatment.