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Related Concept Videos

Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Positive and negative feedback loops are crucial for regulating biological signaling systems. These feedback loops are processes that connect output signals to their inputs.
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Feedback Inhibition

Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!
Positive and Negative Feedback Loops01:18

Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires  maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
10:29

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

Turning reciprocal feedback regulation into combination therapy.

Timothy C Thompson1

  • 1Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology-Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA. timthomp@mdanderson.org

Cancer Cell
|June 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Prostate cancer research reveals a feedback loop between androgen signaling and PTEN loss/PI3K-AKT pathways. This discovery enables a new combination therapy for prostate cancer treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Prostate cancer progression is often driven by androgen receptor (AR) signaling.
  • Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss activates the PI3K-AKT pathway, a critical oncogenic pathway in cancer.

Discussion:

  • Two recent studies in Cancer Cell highlight a reciprocal feedback loop connecting AR signaling and PTEN loss/PI3K-AKT activation in prostate cancer.
  • This interplay suggests that targeting both pathways simultaneously may be crucial for effective treatment.

Key Insights:

  • Androgenic signaling and PTEN loss/PI3K-AKT activation are interconnected in prostate cancer.
  • This reciprocal regulation provides a novel therapeutic target.

Outlook:

  • The identified feedback mechanism supports the development of combination therapies for prostate cancer.
  • This approach holds promise for improving treatment outcomes in patients with advanced prostate cancer.