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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Published on: April 11, 2019

Microchimerism: tolerance vs. sensitization.

Partha Dutta¹, William J Burlingham

¹Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA.

Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation

|June 14, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal microchimerism often induces immune tolerance, while fetal microchimerism can cause sensitization. Understanding these effects is key for successful transplantation, especially in living-related kidney transplants.

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In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

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Published on: August 12, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

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Published on: April 11, 2019

Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation

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Published on: June 24, 2025

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

Published on: August 12, 2017

Area of Science:

Reproductive immunology
Transplantation immunology
Cellular immunology

Background:

Cellular exchange at the maternal-fetal interface is common in mammals.
Semiallogeneic cells can impact transplant tolerance and rejection.
Recent advances illuminate these immunological effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances in understanding microchimerism at the maternal-fetal interface.
To explore the immunological consequences of maternal and fetal cell exchange.
To discuss the implications for transplantation tolerance and rejection.

Main Methods:

Review of recent scientific literature on microchimerism.
Analysis of findings in mouse models (F(1) backcross mice).
Examination of human studies on microchimerism and regulatory T cells (Tregs).

Main Results:

Maternal microchimerism (MMc) correlates with noninherited maternal antigen (NIMA)-specific CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs).
MMc induces NIMA-specific Tregs in human fetuses, promoting tolerance to NIMA(+) allografts.
Fetal microchimerism (FMc) involves CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and is linked to sensitization, not Treg induction.

Conclusions:

Microchimerism can lead to either allograft acceptance (tolerance) or rejection.
Distinguishing MMc and FMc effects pre-transplant could significantly improve living-related renal transplantation outcomes.
The influence of MMc and FMc on graft outcomes is a critical area for future research.