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Related Concept Videos

Impact01:30

Impact

Impact occurs when two bodies collide, leading to the application of impulsive forces between them. Analyzing impact mechanics involves considering two colliding particles moving along a line known as the line of impact, which passes through their centers and is perpendicular to the contact plane.
When particles with different initial velocities collide, they induce deformation by applying equal and opposite impulses. At the point of maximum deformation, the particles move together with...
Types of Impact01:30

Types of Impact

Impacts can be classified in various forms, primarily under two subgroups: central impact and oblique impact. A central impact occurs when two objects collide head-on, possessing opposite velocities aligned along the line of impact. Conversely, an oblique impact occurs when two objects collide at an angle, resulting in a modification of both direction and velocity.
The coefficient of restitution is a metric for understanding the dynamics of impacts. It quantifies the ratio of relative velocity...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Impact Loading01:19

Impact Loading

Impact loading occurs when a moving object collides with a stationary structure, such as a rod with a uniform cross-sectional area fixed at one end. Under these conditions, the rod absorbs the kinetic energy from the striking object, leading to deformation and subsequent stress development. As the rod returns to its original position and reaches maximum stress, the absorbed energy, initially manifested as kinetic energy, transforms entirely into strain energy.
In cases of elastic deformation,...
Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:19

Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...

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Related Experiment Video

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The Evoked Potential Operant Conditioning System (EPOCS): A Research Tool and an Emerging Therapy for Chronic Neuromuscular Disorders
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EMPACT syndrome.

Serap Gunes Bilgili1, Omer Calka, Ayse Serap Karadag

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of Medicine, Van, Turkey. drserapgunes@yahoo.com

Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology
|June 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Phenytoin can cause severe skin reactions in cancer patients receiving cranial radiation therapy for brain metastases. A new clinical entity, EMPACT syndrome, highlights this risk, emphasizing careful monitoring in oncology settings.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Neurology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Phenytoin is a common antiepileptic for seizure prophylaxis in brain metastasis patients.
  • Cancer patients with brain metastases are at risk for severe adverse drug reactions.
  • Severe skin reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome, are associated with antiepileptics like phenytoin.

Observation:

  • A specific clinical entity, EMPACT (Erythema Multiforme associated with Phenytoin And Cranial radiation Therapy) syndrome, has been described.
  • This syndrome involves severe skin reactions in patients receiving cranial radiation and phenytoin.
  • A case report details a breast cancer patient who developed EMPACT syndrome.

Findings:

  • The patient, a 36-year-old female with breast carcinoma, developed EMPACT syndrome.

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  • This occurred after cranial radiation therapy for brain metastasis and phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis.
  • The case illustrates the potential for severe drug-induced skin reactions in this patient population.

    • Implications:

    • EMPACT syndrome represents a significant risk for oncology patients undergoing specific treatments.
    • Highlights the need for vigilance regarding phenytoin-induced severe skin reactions in patients with brain metastases.
    • Suggests a potential drug-radiation interaction necessitating careful patient management and monitoring.