Aging correlates with reduction in regulatory-type cytokines and T cells in the gut mucosa

Aging is reported to be associated with decline in oral tolerance induction, which is initiated at the intestinal mucosal surface. Herein, we examined the effect of aging in T cells and cytokines at the intestinal mucosa that might be involved in oral tolerance induction. Frequencies of regulatory-type IEL subsets such as TCRγδ(+) and TCRαβ(+)CD8αα(+) were lower in aged mice. Mucosal CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) and CD4(+)LAP(+) T cells increased with aging but activated CD44(+)CD4(+) mucosal T cells also augmented. Production of TGF-β and IL-10 in the small intestine of old mice was reduced. Moreover, the ability of mucosal dendritic cells of aged mice to stimulate TGF-β secretion and differentiation of CD4(+)LAP(+) T cells in co-culture studies also declined with aging. Reduction in these regulatory-type cytokines and T cells may help to explain the decline in susceptibility to oral induction during aging. However, not all mucosal regulatory elements were altered by aging and CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells were especially resistant to changes. Persistence of some mechanisms of regulation may play a critical role in maintaining mucosal homeostasis during aging.