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Related Concept Videos

Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Generalized Anxiety Disorder01:30

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic condition characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for at least six months, significantly interfering with daily functioning. Unlike situational anxiety, which arises in response to specific stressors, GAD often occurs without a clear cause. Individuals may experience disproportionate worry about work, health, or relationships. For instance, a person might continuously fear poor health despite normal medical evaluations or...
Bipolar Disorder01:30

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by significant mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania and depression. Elevated energy levels, heightened mood or irritability, impulsive behavior, reduced sleep needs, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, and distractibility characterize mania. Individuals with bipolar disorder often alternate between depressive and manic states, with periods of emotional stability lasting an average of six months to a year.
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Meta-analysis of Voxel-Based Neuroimaging Studies using Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images (SDM-PSI)
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Midbrain volume increase in patients with panic disorder.

Akiko Fujiwara1, Takeshi Yoshida, Tatsui Otsuka

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.

Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
|June 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Panic disorder (PD) is associated with increased dorsal midbrain volume. This structural abnormality in the midbrain correlates with panic disorder severity and functional impairment.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Psychiatry
  • Human Anatomy

Background:

  • Previous research indicates cerebral cortex, limbic structures, and brain stem abnormalities in panic disorder (PD).
  • The specific role of the midbrain in PD pathophysiology remains largely undetermined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate structural midbrain abnormalities in patients with PD using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  • To explore the correlation between midbrain volume and clinical measures of PD severity and functioning.

Main Methods:

  • MRI scans were used to measure midbrain volume in 38 PD patients and 38 healthy controls (HC).
  • A manual tracing method with high spatial resolution MRI was employed for midbrain measurement.
  • The Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) were used for clinical correlation.

Main Results:

  • Patients with PD exhibited a larger relative midbrain volume compared to HC.
  • Specifically, the dorsal midbrain volume was significantly larger in the PD group.
  • A positive correlation was found between dorsal midbrain volume and PDSS scores, and a negative correlation with GAF scores.

Conclusions:

  • Findings suggest the dorsal midbrain is implicated in the pathophysiology of panic disorder.
  • Increased dorsal midbrain volume may serve as a neuroimaging biomarker for PD severity.