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Related Concept Videos

Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
A key area of focus in PNI is the relationship between stress and coronary...
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
Regulation of the Cardiovascular System01:27

Regulation of the Cardiovascular System

The regulation of the cardiovascular system allows the body to adapt to various demands and maintain homeostasis.
The regulation of the cardiovascular system involves the autonomic nervous system (ANS), baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors, ensuring that heart rate and blood pressure are appropriately modulated in response to varying physiological demands.
The ANS comprises two main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system enhances...

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Updated: May 31, 2026

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease
08:09

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Published on: January 7, 2014

Gene-environment interactions in cardiovascular disease.

Elena Flowers1, Erika Sivarajan Froelicher, Bradley E Aouizerat

  • 1School of Nursing, Department of Physiologic Nursing, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA. eflowers@ucsf.edu

European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing
|June 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Understanding gene-environment interactions is key to explaining complex diseases like cardiovascular disease. Combining genetic and environmental factors often has a greater impact than either alone.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Environmental Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Historically, disease models were either nature- or nurture-based.
  • Current models for complex diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, integrate both biological (nature) and non-biological (nurture) factors.
  • Gene-environment interactions are crucial for understanding disease etiology and public health impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the theoretical basis of gene-environment interactions.
  • To describe models and methodologies for studying gene-environment interactions.
  • To explore the interaction between epigenetic mechanisms and the environment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theoretical models for gene-environment interactions.
  • Discussion of methods for studying gene-environment interactions.
  • Exploration of epigenetic interactions with the environment.

Main Results:

  • Advances in genetic measurement enhance disease cause understanding.
  • Genetic predictors must be considered alongside environmental risk factors.
  • Combined genetic and environmental factor effects can be additive or multiplicative and often exceed individual contributions.

Conclusions:

  • Gene-environment interactions are fundamental to understanding complex diseases.
  • Integrating genetic and environmental data provides a more complete picture of disease causation.
  • The combined impact of genetic and environmental risk factors is often synergistic.