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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Intratracheal Inoculation of Fischer 344 Rats with Francisella tularensis
06:09

Intratracheal Inoculation of Fischer 344 Rats with Francisella tularensis

Published on: September 30, 2017

Immunity to Francisella.

Siobhán C Cowley1, Karen L Elkins

  • 1Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bethesda, MD, USA.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|June 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent research highlights key immune responses against Francisella tularensis, an intracellular pathogen. New findings reveal critical mediators like IL-17A and inflammasomes, alongside T and B cell roles in immunity.

Keywords:
Francisellaadaptivecytokineimmunityinnatelymphocyte

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Francisella tularensis is an intracellular pathogen requiring robust immune responses for control.
  • Recent advancements have significantly expanded our understanding of host-pathogen interactions.
  • Studies increasingly utilize mouse models, human cells, and alternative animal models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review innate and adaptive immune responses against Francisella species.
  • To emphasize novel findings from the last five years.
  • To consolidate current knowledge on protective immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on recent studies (last 5 years).
  • Analysis of data from mouse models, human cells, and other animal models.
  • Examination of immune mediators, cell types, and cellular responses.

Main Results:

  • Interferon gamma, TNF-α, and reactive nitrogen intermediates are crucial for controlling Francisella infection.
  • New mediators like IL-17A, Toll-like receptor 2, and inflammasomes are identified.
  • Macrophages, epithelial cells, and dendritic cells are implicated in supporting pathogen growth.
  • CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are vital for primary infection control and vaccine efficacy.
  • B cells and antibodies play a significant role, varying with bacterial virulence.

Conclusions:

  • Francisella tularensis effectively subverts host immune responses.
  • Despite evasion tactics, the pathogen remains susceptible to the host's antimicrobial arsenal.
  • Ongoing research continues to define the complex interplay between Francisella and the immune system.