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Updated: May 31, 2026

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published on: September 30, 2021
The global epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: present and future
Katherine A McGlynn1, W Thomas London
1Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, EPS-5020, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852-7234, USA. mcglynnk@mail.nih.gov
Abstract:
The global risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been largely driven by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection for the past century, along with hepatitis C virus (HCV), aflatoxin, excessive alcohol consumption, and obesity/diabetes. The dominant effect of HBV on global HCC risk should decline as the population vaccinated against HBV grows older. Infection with HCV is also expected to decline. Projections of HCV-related HCC rates remaining high for another 30 years may be overly pessimistic. Alcohol may be less of a factor in HCC in coming years. However, obesity and diabetes may become even more important risk factors for HCC.
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