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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Oogenesis01:22

Oogenesis

Oogenesis,  the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of pre-granulosa cells, forming what is known...
Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...

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Defining the Program of Maternal mRNA Translation during In vitro Maturation using a Single Oocyte Reporter Assay
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Defining the Program of Maternal mRNA Translation during In vitro Maturation using a Single Oocyte Reporter Assay

Published on: June 16, 2021

Translational control in oocyte development.

Joel D Richter1, Paul Lasko

  • 1Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01606, USA. joel.richter@umassmed.edu

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|June 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene regulation relies on translational control of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), crucial for pattern formation in early development. This review highlights protein-mediated mRNA regulation in Drosophila and Xenopus oocytes.

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Defining the Program of Maternal mRNA Translation during In vitro Maturation using a Single Oocyte Reporter Assay
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Published on: June 16, 2021

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Genetics
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Translational control of specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) is a fundamental gene regulatory mechanism.
  • This process is particularly critical for pattern formation in oocytes, where embryonic axes are maternally established.
  • The fruit fly (Drosophila) and the African clawed frog (Xenopus) are key model organisms for studying these mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the mechanisms of translational control in Drosophila and Xenopus oocytes.
  • To focus on protein-mediated regulation as the predominant mechanism in these developmental contexts.
  • To illustrate key concepts of translational control using specific examples from these model systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on translational control in Drosophila and Xenopus.
  • Focus on protein-mediated mechanisms regulating mRNA recruitment to ribosomes.
  • Discussion of mechanisms involving mRNA polyadenylation and ribonucleoprotein complex formation.

Main Results:

  • Protein-mediated translational control is a dominant mechanism for regulating gene expression during oocyte development.
  • Specific examples demonstrate how ribosome recruitment, mRNA polyadenylation, and ribonucleoprotein complex assembly are regulated.
  • These regulatory events are essential for establishing embryonic axes and pattern formation.

Conclusions:

  • Translational control, particularly protein-mediated regulation, is vital for maternal control of early embryonic development.
  • Understanding these mechanisms in Drosophila and Xenopus provides fundamental insights applicable to broader gene regulation studies.
  • Further research into mRNA-protein interactions and their impact on translation is warranted.