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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Mechanical Systems01:22

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Mechanical systems are analogous to to electrical networks where springs and masses play similar roles to inductors and capacitors, respectively. A viscous damper in mechanical systems functions similarly to a resistor in electrical networks, dissipating energy. The forces acting on a mass in such systems include an applied force in the direction of motion, counteracted by forces from the spring, a viscous damper, and the mass's acceleration. This interplay of forces is mathematically described...
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High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
06:24

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Published on: October 31, 2019

One-dimensional optical thermal ratchets.

Sang-Hyuk Lee1, David G Grier

  • 1Department of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|June 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers used light fields to control Brownian motion in thermal ratchet models. This study explored how symmetry and local dynamics direct particle movement, opening doors for new applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Soft Matter

Background:

  • Brownian forces present challenges for controlling particle motion.
  • Thermal ratchet models offer a framework for rectifying random motion.
  • Spatially extended time-varying light fields are emerging tools for manipulating microscopic systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate one-dimensional thermal ratchets.
  • To explore the role of light fields in controlling Brownian motion.
  • To understand the statistical properties and applications of thermal ratchet models.

Main Methods:

  • Holographic optical trapping technique was employed.
  • Fluid-borne colloidal spheres were used as model particles.
  • One-dimensional thermal ratchets were implemented using controlled light fields.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the ability to rectify Brownian forces with light fields.
  • Showcased the influence of global spatiotemporal symmetry on motion direction.
  • Highlighted the impact of local dynamics in establishing ratchet-induced motion.

Conclusions:

  • Symmetry and local dynamics are crucial for directing thermal ratchet motion.
  • Experimental studies provide insights into statistical properties of ratchets.
  • Findings pave the way for advancements in higher-dimensional ratchet systems and practical applications.