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Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
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The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...

Bone Markings

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Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
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Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...

Compact Bone

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...

Spongy Bone

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...

Gross Anatomy of Bone

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in adults, it...

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
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Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts— that give the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation

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Soft bone - hard arteries: a link?

Gérard M London¹

¹Service de Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Manhès, Fleury Mérogis, and INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France. glondon@club-internet.fr

Kidney & Blood Pressure Research

|June 22, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic kidney disease links bone disorders with cardiovascular calcifications. This review explores the bone-vascular axis, investigating mechanisms behind these interconnected health issues.

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Area of Science:

Nephrology
Orthopedics
Cardiology
Metabolic Bone Disease

Background:

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is linked to mineral and bone disorders, including cardiovascular calcifications.
A significant inverse relationship exists between cardiovascular calcifications and bone mineral density or activity in CKD patients.
The bone-vascular axis concept highlights the connection between bone health and arterial system changes, extending beyond the traditional kidney-bone axis.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and illustrate potential mechanisms underlying the bone-vascular axis in CKD.
To explore the interplay between bone disorders and vascular calcification.
To discuss age-independent relationships between bone and vascular pathologies.

Main Methods:

Review of experimental studies and clinical observations in general and CKD populations.
Analysis of associations between histomorphometric indices of bone activity and vascular calcifications.
Examination of evidence supporting the bone-vascular axis concept.

Main Results:

Consistent association between arterial calcification and osteoporosis in various populations.
Significant correlations between bone activity indices and vascular calcifications in CKD patients, even after age adjustment.
Evidence suggests an age-independent causal relationship between bone and vascular changes.

Conclusions:

The bone-vascular axis is a critical concept in understanding CKD complications.
Potential mechanisms include arterial disease affecting bone, shared dysmetabolic factors, or bone's influence on the vasculature.
Further research is needed to elucidate the precise factors driving these bone-vascular associations.