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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
The Vestibular System01:29

The Vestibular System

The vestibular system is a set of inner ear structures that provide a sense of balance and spatial orientation. This system is comprised of structures within the labyrinth of the inner ear, including the cochlea and two otolith organs—the utricle and saccule. The labyrinth also contains three semicircular canals—superior, posterior, and horizontal—that are oriented on different planes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example
08:45

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Published on: October 24, 2012

Auditory motion direction encoding in auditory cortex and high-level visual cortex.

Arjen Alink1, Felix Euler, Nikolaus Kriegeskorte

  • 1Department of Neurophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. alink@mpih-frankfurt.mpg.de

Human Brain Mapping
|June 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study used fMRI to find brain regions processing auditory motion direction. The planum temporale showed the most reliable decoding of sound motion, suggesting its key role in auditory perception.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Perception
  • fMRI Studies

Background:

  • Auditory motion perception is crucial for environmental awareness.
  • Previous neuroimaging studies implicated specific brain regions, but a comprehensive understanding is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify human brain areas sensitive to auditory motion direction using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  • To investigate directional sensitivity in both a whole-brain, hypothesis-free manner and in predefined auditory and visual areas.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a whole-brain spherical-searchlight approach to analyze fMRI response patterns.
  • Assessed directional sensitivity in the primary auditory cortex, planum temporale, and the visual motion complex (hMT/V5+).
  • Decoded sound-source movement direction from fMRI data.

Main Results:

  • Whole-brain analysis identified directional sensitivity in the right auditory cortex and right lateral occipital cortex.
  • Region-of-interest analysis revealed the planum temporale (left and right) as most reliable for decoding auditory motion direction.
  • Auditory motion direction was not decodable from activation patterns in hMT/V5+.

Conclusions:

  • The planum temporale plays a central role in auditory motion perception.
  • Findings suggest cross-modal information transfer to high-level visual cortex for directional auditory information in healthy humans.