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Updated: Jun 30, 2026

fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task
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Test-Retest Reliability of Sensorimotor Activity Measured With Spinal Cord fMRI.

Olivia S Kowalczyk1,2, Sonia Medina3, Alessandra Venezia1

  • 1Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.

Human Brain Mapping
|June 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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This summary is machine-generated.

Spinal cord functional MRI (fMRI) shows motor activation in expected areas but has poor test-retest reliability. Improving reliability requires understanding neurophysiological and psychological factors beyond measurement error.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Spinal Cord Physiology
  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background:

  • Spinal cord functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is crucial for evaluating interventions.
  • Previous research localized human motor activity to the ipsilateral ventral horn.
  • The test-retest reliability of spinal fMRI is not well-established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the test-retest reliability of spinal fMRI during a sensorimotor task.
  • To investigate spinal cord activation patterns during right-hand grasping and grip force estimation.
  • To determine factors influencing the reliability of spinal fMRI measurements.

Main Methods:

  • 30 healthy volunteers underwent two identical fMRI scanning visits.
  • Participants performed a right-hand grasping and grip force estimation task.
Keywords:
motor functionspinal cordspinal fMRItest–retest reliability

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  • Test-retest reliability was assessed within and between scanning visits.

    • Main Results:

    • Motor-evoked activation was observed in ipsilateral ventro-dorsal (C5-T1) and medial (C2-C3) spinal cord regions.
    • Despite reliable task performance and signal quality, motor activation reliability was poor-to-fair.
    • Increased task runs improved group-level activation robustness but not individual reliability.

    Conclusions:

    • Spinal fMRI activation corresponds to known motor circuit organization.
    • Low test-retest reliability of spinal fMRI poses a challenge for clinical applications.
    • Understanding inherent within-individual variability is crucial for improving spinal fMRI reliability.