Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

[The levels of thyroid hormones in hemorrhagic stroke].

Problemy endokrinologii·2019
Same author

Composition, concentration and charge profiles of water-water interfaces.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2014
Same author

Size-dependent second virial coefficients of quantum dots from quantitative cryogenic electron microscopy.

The journal of physical chemistry. B·2014
Same author

A differential dielectric spectroscopy setup to measure the electric dipole moment and net charge of colloidal quantum dots.

The Review of scientific instruments·2014
Same author

Diverging electrophoretic and dynamic mobility of model silica colloids at low ionic strength in ethanol.

Journal of colloid and interface science·2014
Same author

[The flagship of the national naval medical science (on the 80th anniversary of establishment of the 1st Central Research Institute of the Defense Ministry of Russian Federation)].

Voenno-meditsinskii zhurnal·2013

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals
07:03

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Published on: August 15, 2018

Magnetization behavior of ferrofluids with cryogenically imaged dipolar chains.

M Klokkenburg1, B H Erné, V Mendelev

  • 1Van' t Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|June 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Field-induced dipolar chains significantly impact ferrofluid magnetization. This study visualizes these chains and confirms their effect on magnetic properties using well-defined ferrofluids and advanced microscopy.

More Related Videos

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement
09:43

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

Published on: November 7, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals
07:03

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Published on: August 15, 2018

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement
09:43

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

Published on: November 7, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Magnetism
  • Colloid Science

Background:

  • Theories suggest field-induced dipolar chains influence ferrofluid static magnetic properties.
  • Experimental studies are limited by ferrofluid polydispersity, obscuring chain morphology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally verify the effect of dipolar chains on ferrofluid magnetization.
  • To investigate the concentration- and field-dependent magnetization of well-defined ferrofluids.
  • To visualize dipolar chain formation and alignment using in situ electron microscopy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized low polydispersity ferrofluids with varying average particle sizes.
  • Measured concentration- and field-dependent magnetization.
  • Imaged dipolar chains with and without magnetic fields using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM).

Main Results:

  • Low concentration magnetization followed the Langevin equation for noninteracting dipoles.
  • Magnetization curves for larger particles deviated significantly from the Langevin equation.
  • Results quantitatively agreed with a mean-field model including flexible dipolar chain formation and alignment.

Conclusions:

  • Provided direct evidence of dipolar chain formation and its effect on ferrofluid magnetization.
  • Demonstrated the utility of well-defined ferrofluids for studying magnetic properties.
  • Validated a new mean-field model for predicting ferrofluid behavior in magnetic fields.