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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
11:27

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

Published on: December 8, 2016

Kinematic diffraction on a structure with periodically varying scattering function.

Dmitry Chernyshov1, Wouter van Beek, Hermann Emerich

  • 1Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines at ESRF, Grenoble, France. dmitry.chernyshov@esrf.fr

Acta Crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of Crystallography
|June 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new theory explains crystal diffraction under periodic stress, revealing that structural changes can generate signals at double the stimulation frequency. This allows for selective analysis of substructures responding to external stimuli.

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Published on: August 22, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Solid-state physics
  • Crystallography
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Crystallography traditionally analyzes static or uniformly dynamic structures.
  • Understanding dynamic substructure responses to external stimuli is crucial for advanced materials.
  • Interference patterns in diffraction typically sum contributions, obscuring dynamic substructure behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a theoretical framework for kinematic diffraction under periodic perturbations.
  • To investigate how local electron density variations influence diffraction signals.
  • To explore methods for selectively accessing and analyzing dynamic substructure information.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a theoretical model for kinematic diffraction.
  • Analysis of diffracted signal response to periodic external stimuli.
  • Exploration of frequency filtering techniques (demodulation, correlation) for data extraction.
  • Consideration of structural parameter variations impacting diffraction intensity.

Main Results:

  • A linear relationship between local electron density and external stimulus generates diffraction signals at stimulation frequency (Ω) and its double (2Ω).
  • The 2Ω frequency component offers selective access to partial diffraction contributions.
  • Phasing of partial diffraction terms enables recovery of stimulus-responsive substructures.
  • The study outlines methods for frequency filtering and discusses the influence of structural parameters.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed theory provides a novel approach to probe dynamic substructures within crystals.
  • Modulation-enhanced diffraction experiments can reveal information not accessible through conventional methods.
  • The findings offer a pathway for advanced characterization of materials under external perturbations.